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Cell Membrane: A partially permeable layer that surrounds the cytoplasm. It controls all substances moving into and out of the cell, like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water.
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen. It contains many smaller structures called organelles, and it's the site of processes like anaerobic respiration.
Nucleus: Large and often spherical, the nucleus is the 'control centre' of the cell. It contains chromosomes (made of DNA) which carry genetic information. This information controls cell growth, repair, and division.
Mitochondria: These are tiny, oval-shaped organelles where aerobic respiration occurs. They break down food (glucose) using oxygen to release energy for the cell to use for all its activities. Cells that need a lot of energy, like muscle cells, have many mitochondria.

O-Level Combined Science Course

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